Background of Malaysia
| Introduction | Malaysia |
| Background: | During the late 18th and 19th centuries, Great Britain established colonies and protectorates in the area of current Malaysia; these were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. In 1948, the British-ruled territories on the Malay Peninsula formed the Federation of Malaya, which became independent in 1957. Malaysia was formed in 1963 when the former British colonies of Singapore and the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak on the northern coast of Borneo joined the Federation. The first several years of the country's history were marred by Indonesian efforts to control Malaysia, Philippine claims to Sabah, and Singapore's secession from the Federation in 1965. During the 22-year term of Prime Minister MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (1981-2003), Malaysia was successful in diversifying its economy from dependence on exports of raw materials, to expansion in manufacturing, services, and tourism. |
| Geography | Malaysia |
| Location: | Southeastern Asia, peninsula bordering Thailand and northern one-third of the island of Borneo, bordering Indonesia, Brunei, and the South China Sea, south of Vietnam |
| Geographic coordinates: | 2 30 N, 112 30 E |
| Map references: | Southeast Asia |
| Area: | total: 329,750 sq km land: 328,550 sq km water: 1,200 sq km |
| Area - comparative: | slightly larger than New Mexico |
| Land boundaries: | total: 2,669 km border countries: Brunei 381 km, Indonesia 1,782 km, Thailand 506 km |
| Coastline: | 4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km) |
| Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 12
nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation; specified boundary in the South China Sea |
| Climate: | tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons |
| Terrain: | coastal plains rising to hills and mountains |
| Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Indian
Ocean 0 m highest point: Gunung Kinabalu 4,100 m |
| Natural resources: | tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite |
| Land use: | arable land: 5.46% permanent crops: 17.54% other: 77% (2005) |
| Irrigated land: | 3,650 sq km (2003) |
| Natural hazards: | flooding, landslides, forest fires |
| Environment - current issues: | air pollution from industrial and vehicular emissions; water pollution from raw sewage; deforestation; smoke/haze from Indonesian forest fires |
| Environment - international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands |
| Geography - note: | strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern South China Sea |
| People | Malaysia |
| Population: | 24,821,286 (July 2007 est.) |
| Age structure: | 0-14 years: 32.2% (male
4,118,086/female 3,884,403) 15-64 years: 62.9% (male 7,838,166/female 7,785,833) 65 years and over: 4.8% (male 526,967/female 667,831) (2007 est.) |
| Median age: | total: 24.4 years male: 23.8 years female: 25 years (2007 est.) |
| Population growth rate: | 1.759% (2007 est.) |
| Birth rate: | 22.65 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
| Death rate: | 5.05 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
| Net migration rate: | 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population note: does not reflect net flow of an unknown number of illegal immigrants from other countries in the region (2007 est.) |
| Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.007 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.789 male(s)/female total population: 1.012 male(s)/female (2007 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate: | total: 16.62 deaths/1,000
live births male: 19.26 deaths/1,000 live births female: 13.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 72.76
years male: 70.05 years female: 75.65 years (2007 est.) |
| Total fertility rate: | 3.01 children born/woman (2007 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 0.4% (2003 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 52,000 (2003 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths: | 2,000 (2003 est.) |
| Major infectious diseases: | degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations (2007) |
| Nationality: | noun: Malaysian(s) adjective: Malaysian |
| Ethnic groups: | Malay 50.4%, Chinese 23.7%, indigenous 11%, Indian 7.1%, others 7.8% (2004 est.) |
| Religions: | Muslim 60.4%, Buddhist 19.2%, Christian 9.1%, Hindu 6.3%, Confucianism, Taoism, other traditional Chinese religions 2.6%, other or unknown 1.5%, none 0.8% (2000 census) |
| Languages: | Bahasa Malaysia (official),
English, Chinese (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow),
Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai note: in East Malaysia there are several indigenous languages; most widely spoken are Iban and Kadazan |
| Literacy: | definition: age 15
and over can read and write total population: 88.7% male: 92% female: 85.4% (2000 census) |
| Government | Malaysia |
| Country name: | conventional
long form: none conventional short form: Malaysia local long form: none local short form: Malaysia former: Federation of Malaya |
| Government type: | constitutional monarchy note: nominally headed by paramount ruler and a bicameral Parliament consisting of a nonelected upper house and an elected lower house; all Peninsular Malaysian states have hereditary rulers except Melaka and Pulau Pinang (Penang); those two states along with Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia have governors appointed by government; powers of state governments are limited by federal constitution; under terms of federation, Sabah and Sarawak retain certain constitutional prerogatives (e.g., right to maintain their own immigration controls); Sabah holds 25 seats in House of Representatives; Sarawak holds 28 seats in House of Representatives |
| Capital: | name: Kuala Lumpur geographic coordinates: 3 10 N, 101 42 E time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) note: Putrajaya is referred to as administrative center not capital; Parliament meets in Kuala Lumpur |
| Administrative divisions: | 13 states (negeri-negeri, singular - negeri) Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor, and Terengganu; and one federal territory (wilayah persekutuan) with three components, city of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan, and Putrajaya |
| Independence: | 31 August 1957 (from UK) |
| National holiday: | Independence Day/Malaysia Day, 31 August (1957) |
| Constitution: | 31 August 1957; amended 16 September 1963 |
| Legal system: | based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court at request of supreme head of the federation; Islamic law is applied to Muslims in matters of family law and religion; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
| Suffrage: | 21 years of age; universal |
| Executive branch: | chief of state: Paramount
Ruler Sultan MIZAN Zainal Abidin (since 13 December 2006) head of government: Prime Minister ABDULLAH bin Ahmad Badawi (since 31 October 2003); Deputy Prime Minister Mohamed NAJIB bin Abdul Razak (since 7 January 2004) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among the members of Parliament with consent of the paramount ruler elections: paramount ruler elected by and from the hereditary rulers of nine of the states for five-year terms; election last held on 3 November 2006 (next to be held in 2011); prime minister designated from among the members of the House of Representatives; following legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins a plurality of seats in the House of Representatives becomes prime minister election results: Sultan MIZAN Zainal Abidin elected paramount ruler |
| Legislative branch: | bicameral Parliament or Parlimen
consists of the Senate or Dewan Negara (70 seats; 44 appointed by the
paramount ruler, 26 elected by the 13 state legislatures; to serve three-year
terms) and the House of Representatives or Dewan Rakyat (219 seats;
members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: House of Representatives - last held on 21 March 2004 (next must be held by 2009) election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - BN 91%, DAP 5%, PAS 3%, other 1%; seats by party - BN 199, DAP 12, PAS 6, PKR 1, independent 1 |
| Judicial branch: | Civil Courts include Federal Court, Court of Appeal, High Court of Malaya on peninsula Malaysia, and High Court of Sabah and Sarawak in states of Borneo (judges appointed by the paramount ruler on the advice of the prime minister); Sharia Courts include Sharia Appeal Court, Sharia High Court, and Sharia Subordinate Courts (at state-level and deal with religious and family matters such as custody, divorce, and inheritance, only for Muslims; decisions of Sharia courts cannot be appealed to civil courts |
| Political parties and leaders: | National Front (Barisan Nasional) or BN (ruling coalition) (consists of the following parties: Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia Party or PGRM [KOH Tsu Koon - acting]; Liberal Democratic Party (Parti Liberal Demokratik - Sabah) or LDP [LIEW Vui Keong]; Malaysian Chinese Association (Persatuan China Malaysia) or MCA [ONG Ka Ting]; Malaysian Indian Congress (Kongresi India Malaysia) or MIC [S. Samy VELLU]; Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah or PBRS [Joseph KURUP]; Parti Bersatu Sabah or PBS [Joseph PAIRIN Kitingan]; Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu or PBB [Patinggi Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud]; Parti Rakyat Sarawak or PRS [James MASING]; Sabah Progressive Party (Parti Progresif Sabah) or SAPP [YONG Teck Lee]; Sarawak United People's Party (Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sarawak) or SUPP [George CHAN Hong Nam]; United Malays National Organization or UMNO [ABDULLAH bin Ahmad Badawi]; United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organization (Pertubuhan Pasko Momogun Kadazan Dusun Bersatu) or UPKO [Bernard DOMPOK]; People's Progressive Party (Parti Progresif Penduduk Malaysia) or PPP [M.Keyveas]; Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party or SPDP [William MAWANI]); opposition parties: Alternative Front (Barisan Alternatif) or BA (consists of PAS and PKR); Democratic Action Party (Parti Tindakan Demokratik) or DAP [KARPAL Singh]; Islamic Party of Malaysia (Parti Islam se Malaysia) or PAS [Abdul HADI Awang]; People's Justice Party (Parti Keadilan Rakyat) or PKR [WAN AZIZAH Wan Ismael]; Sarawak National Party or SNAP [Edwin DUNDANG] |
| Political pressure groups and leaders: | NA |
| International organization participation: | APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, C, CP, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
| Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador
RAJMAH binti Hussain chancery: 3516 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 572-9700 FAX: [1] (202) 572-9882 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York |
| Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador
Christopher J. LAFLEUR embassy: 376 Jalan Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 50440 mailing address: US Embassy Kuala Lumpur, APO AP 96535-8152 telephone: [60] (3) 2168-5000 FAX: [60] (3) 2142-2207 |
| Flag description: | 14 equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow 14-pointed star; the crescent and the star are traditional symbols of Islam; the design was based on the flag of the US |
| Economy | Malaysia |
| Economy - overview: | Malaysia, a middle-income country, transformed itself from 1971 through the late 1990s from a producer of raw materials into an emerging multi-sector economy. Growth was almost exclusively driven by exports - particularly of electronics. As a result, Malaysia was hard hit by the global economic downturn and the slump in the information technology (IT) sector in 2001 and 2002. The economy grew 4.9% in 2003, notwithstanding a difficult first half, when external pressures from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the Iraq War led to caution in the business community. Growth topped 7% in 2004 and 5% per year in 2005-06. As an oil and gas exporter, Malaysia has profited from higher world energy prices, although the rising cost of domestic gasoline and diesel fuel forced Kuala Lumpur to reduce government subsidies, contributing to higher inflation. Malaysia "unpegged" the ringgit from the US dollar in 2005 and the currency appreciated 6% against the dollar in 2006. Healthy foreign exchange reserves and a small external debt greatly reduce the risk that Malaysia will experience a financial crisis over the near term similar to the one in 1997. The economy remains dependent on continued growth in the US, China, and Japan - top export destinations and key sources of foreign investment. The government presented its five-year national development agenda in April 2006 through the Ninth Malaysia Plan, a comprehensive blueprint for the allocation of the national budget from 2006-10. The plan targets the development of higher value-added manufacturing and an expansion of the services sector. |
| GDP (purchasing power parity): | $313.8 billion (2006 est.) |
| GDP (official exchange rate): | $132.3 billion (2006 est.) |
| GDP - real growth rate: | 5.9% (2006 est.) |
| GDP - per capita (PPP): | $12,900 (2006 est.) |
| GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 8.3% industry: 48.1% services: 43.6% (2006 est.) |
| Labor force: | 10.73 million (2006 est.) |
| Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture: 13% industry: 36% services: 51% (2005 est.) |
| Unemployment rate: | 3.5% (2006 est.) |
| Population below poverty line: | 5.1% (2002 est.) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 1.4% highest 10%: 39.2% (2003 est.) |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 46.1 (2002) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 3.8% (2006 est.) |
| Investment (gross fixed): | 19.9% of GDP (2006 est.) |
| Budget: | revenues: $31.63 billion expenditures: $37 billion; including capital expenditures of $9.4 billion (2006 est.) |
| Public debt: | 46.7% of GDP (2006 est.) |
| Agriculture - products: | Peninsular Malaysia - rubber, palm oil, cocoa, rice; Sabah - subsistence crops, rubber, timber, coconuts, rice; Sarawak - rubber, pepper, timber |
| Industries: | Peninsular Malaysia - rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing, electronics, tin mining and smelting, logging, timber processing; Sabah - logging, petroleum production; Sarawak - agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging |
| Industrial production growth rate: | 5.8% (2006 est.) |
| Electricity - production: | 78.24 billion kWh (2004) |
| Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: 89.5% hydro: 10.5% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001) |
| Electricity - consumption: | 72.71 billion kWh (2004) |
| Electricity - exports: | 50 million kWh (2004) |
| Electricity - imports: | 0 kWh (2004) |
| Oil - production: | 770,000 bbl/day (2005 est.) |
| Oil - consumption: | 515,000 bbl/day (2004 est.) |
| Oil - exports: | 230,200 bbl/day (2003) |
| Oil - imports: | NA bbl/day |
| Oil - proved reserves: | 3.1 billion bbl (2006 est.) |
| Natural gas - production: | 62.43 billion cu m (2004 est.) |
| Natural gas - consumption: | 32.97 billion cu m (2004 est.) |
| Natural gas - exports: | 29.46 billion cu m (2004 est.) |
| Natural gas - imports: | 0 cu m (2004 est.) |
| Natural gas - proved reserves: | 2.124 trillion cu m (1 January 2005 est.) |
| Current account balance: | $17.86 billion (2006 est.) |
| Exports: | $158.7 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) |
| Exports - commodities: | electronic equipment, petroleum and liquefied natural gas, wood and wood products, palm oil, rubber, textiles, chemicals |
| Exports - partners: | US 18.8%, Singapore 15.4%, Japan 8.9%, China 7.2%, Thailand 5.3%, Hong Kong 4.9% (2006) |
| Imports: | $127.3 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) |
| Imports - commodities: | electronics, machinery, petroleum products, plastics, vehicles, iron and steel products, chemicals |
| Imports - partners: | Japan 13.3%, US 12.6%, China 12.2%, Singapore 11.7%, Thailand 5.5%, Taiwan 5.5%, South Korea 5.4%, Germany 4.4% (2006) |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | $82.3 billion (2006 est.) |
| Debt - external: | $57.77 billion (30 June 2006 est.) |
| Currency (code): | ringgit (MYR) |
| Currency code: | MYR |
| Exchange rates: | ringgits per US dollar - 3.6683 (2006), 3.8 (2005), 3.8 (2004), 3.8 (2003), 3.8 (2002) |
| Fiscal year: | calendar year |
| Communications | Malaysia |
| Telephones - main lines in use: | 4.366 million (2005) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular: | 19.545 million (2005) |
| Telephone system: | general assessment:
modern system; international service excellent domestic: good intercity service provided on Peninsular Malaysia mainly by microwave radio relay; adequate intercity microwave radio relay network between Sabah and Sarawak via Brunei; domestic satellite system with 2 earth stations international: country code - 60; submarine cables to India, Hong Kong, and Singapore; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean, 1 Pacific Ocean) (2001) |
| Radio broadcast stations: | AM 35, FM 391, shortwave 15 (2001) |
| Radios: | 10.9 million (1999) |
| Television broadcast stations: | 88 (mainland Malaysia 51, Sabah 16, and Sarawak 21) (2006) |
| Televisions: | 10.8 million (1999) |
| Internet country code: | .my |
| Internet hosts: | 158,650 (2006) |
| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 7 (2000) |
| Internet users: | 11.016 million (2005) |
| Transportation | Malaysia |
| Airports: | 117 (2006) |
| Airports - with paved runways: | total: 37 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 914 to 1,523 m: 8 under 914 m: 7 (2006) |
| Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 80 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 72 (2006) |
| Heliports: | 2 (2006) |
| Pipelines: | condensate 282 km; gas 5,372 km; oil 1,715 km; oil/gas/water 19 km; refined products 114 km (2006) |
| Railways: | total: 1,890 km standard gauge: 57 km 1.435-m gauge (57 km electrified) narrow gauge: 1,833 km 1.000-m gauge (150 km electrified) (2005) |
| Roadways: | total: 98,721 km paved: 80,280 km (includes 1,821 km of expressways) unpaved: 18,441 km (2004) |
| Waterways: | 7,200 km note: Peninsular Malaysia 3,200 km; Sabah 1,500 km; Sarawak 2,500 km (2005) |
| Merchant marine: | total: 312 ships (1000
GRT or over) 5,542,727 GRT/7,544,154 DWT by type: bulk carrier 19, cargo 99, chemical tanker 38, container 48, liquefied gas 27, livestock carrier 1, passenger/cargo 8, petroleum tanker 61, roll on/roll off 5, vehicle carrier 6 foreign-owned: 66 (China 1, Germany 2, Hong Kong 14, Japan 4, South Korea 1, Singapore 44) registered in other countries: 68 (Bahamas 12, Belize 1, Cayman Islands 1, Mongolia 1, Panama 13, Philippines 1, Singapore 35, US 4) (2006) |
| Ports and terminals: | Bintulu, Johor, Labuan, Lahad Datu, Lumut, Miri, George Town (Penang), Port Kelang, Tanjung Pelepas |
| Military | Malaysia |
| Military branches: | Malaysian Armed Forces (Angkatan Tentera Malaysia, ATM): Malaysian Army (Tentera Darat Malaysia), Royal Malaysian Navy (Tentera Laut Diraja Malaysia, TLDM), Royal Malaysian Air Force (Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia, TUDM) (2006) |
| Military service age and obligation: | 18 years of age for voluntary military service (2005) |
| Manpower available for military service: | males age 18-49: 5,584,231 females age 18-49: 5,510,345 (2005 est.) |
| Manpower fit for military service: | males age 18-49: 4,574,854 females age 18-49: 4,613,321 (2005 est.) |
| Manpower reaching military service age annually: | males age 18-49: 244,418 females age 18-49: 231,896 (2005 est.) |
| Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 2.03% (2005 est.) |
| Transnational Issues | Malaysia |
| Disputes - international: | Malaysia has asserted sovereignty over the Spratly Islands together with China, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; while the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions over the Spratly Islands, it is not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties; Malaysia was not party to the March 2005 joint accord among the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam on conducting marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; disputes continue over deliveries of fresh water to Singapore, Singapore's land reclamation, bridge construction, and maritime boundaries in the Johor and Singapore Straits; in November 2007, the ICJ will hold public hearings in response to the Memorials and Countermemorials filed by the parties in 2003 and 2005 over sovereignty of Pedra Branca Island/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge; ICJ awarded Ligitan and Sipadan islands, also claimed by Indonesia and Philippines, to Malaysia but left maritime boundary and sovereignty of Unarang rock in the hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute; separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslim southern provinces prompts measures to close and monitor border with Malaysia to stem terrorist activities; Philippines retains a dormant claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo; Brunei and Malaysia are still considering international adjudication over their disputed offshore and deepwater seabeds, where hydrocarbon exploration was terminated in 2003; Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is in dispute; piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait |
| Refugees and internally displaced persons: | refugees (country of origin): 19,153 (Indonesia), 14,208 (Burma) (2006) |
| Trafficking in persons: | current situation:
Malaysia is a destination and, to a lesser extent, a source and transit
country for men and women trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation
and forced labor; foreign victims, mostly women and girls from China,
Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam, are trafficked to
Malaysia for commercial sexual exploitation; economic migrants from
countries in the region who work as domestic servants or laborers in
the construction and agricultural sectors face exploitative conditions
in Malaysia that meet the definition of involuntary servitude; some
Malaysian women, primarily of Chinese ethnicity, are trafficked abroad
for sexual exploitation tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Malaysia is placed on Tier 2 Watch List for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat trafficking, particularly its failure to provide protection for victims of trafficking |
| Illicit drugs: | drug trafficking prosecuted vigorously and carries severe penalties; heroin still primary drug of abuse, but synthetic drug demand remains strong; continued ecstasy and methamphetamine producer for domestic users and, to a lesser extent, the regional drug market |