To Lecture Notes

IT 372 -- Apr 21, 2025

Review Questions

1. List three ways of converting an int value into a string.
   Answer: if the int n is defined by
   

   int n = -376283;
   

   here are three ways of converting n to the string s:
   

   // Method 1:
   String s = String.valueOf(n);
   // Method 2:
   String s = n + "";
   // Method 3:
   String s = String.format("%d", n);
   

2. The following code copies the items from an arraylist declared by
   

   ArrayList<Integer> al = new ArrayList<Integer>( );
   

   into a string:
   

   String output = "";
   for(Integer n : al) {
       output += n + "\n";
   }
   

   Perform this operation using a StringBuilder collection instead. If there are many items in the arraylist, using a StringBuilder collection is much faster:
   

   StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("");
   String output = "";
   for(Integer n : a1) {
       a1.append(n + "\n");
   }
   

3. Suppose you have a HashMap collection:
   

   HashMap<String, Integer> map = 
       new HashMap<String, Integer>( );
   

   How do you add an Integer object to the collection using the key "K123"? How do you retrieve the Integer object? We will use a similar concept when we store information from an activity in a storedInstanceState object. Answer:
   

   // Put the value 35 into the Hashmap using the key "C123".
   map.put("C123", 35);
   // Retrieve the value stored using the key "C123" from the hashmap.
   int n = map.get("C123");
   

4. Add these strings to an ArrayList collection:

   c  java  kotlin  python  
   

   Then use the ArrayList method replaceAll that accepts a lambda function to convert each of the strings to uppercase. Answer:
   

   ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<String>( );
   list.add("c");
   list.add("java");
   list.add("kotlin");
   list.add("python");
   list.replaceAll( s -> s.toUpperCase( ));
   String output = "";
   for(String s : list) {
       output += s + \n");
   }
   TextView tv = findViewById(R.id.txt_output);
   tv.setText(output);
   

5. What is an Android drop-down menu called?
   Answer: it is called a Spinner.
6. Write an app that shows a toast when a LongTouch event occurs in a linear layout. See The Android Toast section in the April 16 Notes.
7. Create an app named TestWidgets. Switch the layout to LinearLayout, with vertical orientation. Add a ScrollView that includes the linear layout. Then place each of these widgets in the linear layout:
   

   Switch  ToggleButton  Button
   

   When the button is clicked, show the states of the switch and the toggle button.
   Answer: The layout and activity source code:
       activity_main.xml   MainActivity.java
8. How do you display special characters in a widget?
   Answer: You can't use HTML entities, but you can use Unicode characters. See the website unicode.org for code charts. For example, the unicode codes for the greek letters alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ) are 0BC1, 0BC2, and 0BC3. Here is an attribute that displays these Greek letters in a TextView widget:
   

   android:text="Greek letters: \u03B1, \u03B2, \u03B3"

The Activity Lifecycle

• We know about the onCreate method. It is a required method in every Android activity. What are some other Android lifecycle methods?
• Look at this document from the Android Developer website:
      Understand the Activity Lifecycle
• The seven events in the activity lifecycle:
      Create  Start  Resume  Restart  Pause  Stop  Destroy
• An event handler is said to fire when it executes in response to its event occurring.

• Event	Event Handler	Description	Required
  ON_CREATE	onCreate	Fires immediately after the activity is first created.	Yes
  ON_START	onStart	Fires immediately after the activity becomes visible.  It prepares the activity to move into the foreground and become interactive.	No
  ON_RESUME	onResume	Fires when the activity moves into the foreground after going into the background.	No
  ON_RESTART	onRestart	Fires when a covered activity moves into the foreground after being stopped, but not destroyed.	No
  ON_PAUSE	onPause	Fires immediately before the activity moves into the background. It may still be visible.	No
  ON_STOP	onStop	Fires when the activity has finished running and is no longer visible to the user, but may still be in memory.	No
  ON_DESTROY	onDestroy	Fires immediately before an app has terminated and is about to be unloaded from memory.	No

• Transition Diagram of the Activity Lifecycle.
• Event handlers are callback methods. They are not called in the activity code, but in the Android framework when the event occurs that corresponds to the event handler.
• Callbacks epitomize the Hollywood Principle: "Don't call us, we'll call you."

Some Examples

• Look at these examples:
  ClickCounter  StopWatch

Projects 3a and 3b

• Look at Projects 3a and 3b.