Review of Major Concepts

The final exam is Monday March 13 at 2:45am. It is worth 35% of the grade (70 points). You may bring a calculator and a 6-inch by 4-inch card containing notes and formulas (wording on front and back is okay). Otherwise, the exam is a closed-notes, closed-book, individual-effort exam. You may take up to 2 hours and 15 minutes to complete the exam.

• Descriptive statistics
• Mean (aka average)
• Median
• Variance and standard deviation
• Distributions
• Showing distributions with frequency bar charts
• Properties of the normal distribution
• Converting to standard scale (i.e. z-score)
• Relation between z-scores and cumulative proportions
• Regression
• Scatter plots for showing data relationships
• Correlation
• Regression line
• Slope of regression line is based on correlation and slope of SD line
• Using the regression line to predict values
• Using residuals to evaluate goodness of fit

You do not need to know the formula for correlation, but you should be able to estimate correlations by looking at a scatter plot.

• Probability
• Basic principles for calculating probability
• Addition rule
• Multiplication rule
• Expected value of a random variable
• Variance and standard deviation of a random variable
• Sampling
• Law of large numbers
• Central limit theorem
• Calculating the standard error of the following in a sample:
• For binomial settings: count and proportion
• For quantitative variables: sum and mean
• Confidence intervals of proportions and averages
• Using the t-distribution to account for error in estimating the standard deviation of the population
• Difference between chance error and selection bias
• Hypothesis testing
• Null hypothesis and alternate hypothesis
• P-value and alpha criterion
• One-tail versus two-tail testing
• Testing using z-scores
• T-tests
• Non-parametric tests
• Experiments and studies
• Observational studies and controlled experiments
• Design with paired-differences
• Design with two independent samples